Likely Solution:
Hey there, I know this is an old thread, but still a current problem. Please check and see if you have any folders synced in your OneDrive agent from SharePoint that is a child or nested folder of another folder synced by your OneDrive agent from SharePoint. The reason this happens is that your have synced a parent folder and child folder. Lets assume you have two synced folders in your OneDrive agent. FOLDERA and FOLDERB where FOLDERB is a nested folder within FOLDERA on SharePoint (for example DOCUMENTS\FOLDERA\FOLDERB.) In File Explorer your OneDrive agent displayes the following folders:
YOUR ORGANIZATION SHAREPOINT (The little office building icon)
SITE - FOLDERA
>FOLDERB
SITE - FOLDERB
When you drag a file in FOLDERB via File Explorer, it gets uploaded to SharePoint under FOLDERA\FOLDERB\NewFile.txt. FOLDERA from you computer then syncs and does not have the file present and deletes it from SharePoint, then updates FIOLDERB and appears to delete the new file immediately.
Try to remove one of the synced folders (The parent or the child) and try again to see if the uploaded file now persists.