Hi,
The drive may not be getting enough power for more demanding tasks, but if this process has worked with other drives, then that may not be the problem...
The problem with the Fast Startup issues is that it has about the same effect as pulling the plug on your computer while it is running... It can corrupt the disks because they were not "Shutdown" properly...
Sometimes a ChkDsk can fix this, and sometimes not...
I had one drive in particular with issues... Some files wouldn't appear, read errors, and etc.. ChkDsk claimed there were no issues...
I was able to use the File Explorer included in Parted Magic to read and\or copy some of the files... The problem got worse, and Windows had problems reading anything...
After many attempts with ChkDsk Fix, ChkDsk suddenly detected the errors and fixed them... The disk worked normally after ward, but may have lost a file or two...
I was able to copy everything off of it to another drive... The drive still provides older backup of the files that were on it, but it is not trustworthy enough for everyday use...
I don't know for sure if the issue is of a failing drive, or a Fast Startup type problem..
If I were you, I would make a few more attempts at getting ChkDsk to fix what it can... The next thing would be to try accessing the files with the Linux program...
That all in itself may trigger some type of repair attempt...
For some reason the Linux File Explorer was able to read and copy files that Windows would\could not..