I contacted the Office support and asked if the problem is known: It is! - Regrettably there seems to be no simple solution in the forseeable future for OneNote 2016. There seems to be no patch/update planned that could solve the problem when updating to Windows to version 1709.
There where rumors a few months ago, that OneNote 2016 will die. Instead there would be an UWP App of OneNote that would integrate the features of the desktop version. That's only a speculation but now it seems this seems to be not totally improbable.
For all people who rely on the desktop version for now, that's quite bad news... OneNote 2016 is a extremely good and versatile piece of software and Microsoft seems not to give a damn. The future is in the cloud(s)...