I'm pleased to say, I've now got my system working again (HP Pavilion dv7-2110sa with AMD Turion X2 CPU...
After the initial lockup problem following Windows automatic installation of the dodgy KB4056892 (OS Build 16299.192), I installed the "Show or hide updates" troubleshooter package and used this to prevent the KB4056892 patch until Microsoft fixed the issue.
The latest patch KB4058258 is supposed to resolve the problem so tonight I ran the "Show or Hide Updates" troubleshooter again and disabled the block on KB4056892. Windows immediately started to download the troublesome update again! However, BEFORE it rebooted the machine again, I manually downloaded the latest update KB4058258 (OS Build 16299.214) from the Microsoft Update Catalogue Website from here: http://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=KB4058258
I manually ran this update. And thankfully after the PC has been rebooted twice, all is now well.
It's good Microsoft eventually got round to fixing this. But we should never have got into this situation in the first place. Before releasing the original patch it should have been thoroughly tested on a wide variety of hardware and processor platforms!
Good to hear you have resolved the boot issue with your machine. But I'm curious, if you had booting troubles, how were you able to install and run the "Show/Hide Updates" utility? I can run this while on build 1607 because the system boots fine. That wouldn't have worked though using build 1709 (non-bootable). But based on earlier discussions above, perhaps I need to find and uninstall KB4056892 since it is not part of build 1709. Then, install patch KB4057142. THEN, attempt to re-install 1709 and hope for the best.
After the system initially installed the dodgy update (KB4056892) it locked up at the Windows Logo like everyone else's machine has. I did a forced shutdown (press and hold power button for 4 seconds), restart. Did the forced shutdown 3 times in total and eventually Windows will roll back the update. However as soon as it boots it will try to download and install the KB4056892 update again. At this point I ran the "Show or hide updates" troubleshooter package to stop it trying to install again until Microsoft issued the bug fix on 31 Jan. You should not need the "Show or hide updates" troubleshooter package anymore as long as you manually install the latest update like I did. Good luck.