If you can get to a command prompt then you could run a scan to ensure you still have disk consistency. SFC /SCANNOW
Tried this as well though I do not have any reason to suspect the file system being corrupt. When entering CMD Prompt (from the Win 10 recovery menu), it must create some sort of virtual drive. The initial default drive is X:\ and it doesn't allow me to change to any other root directory (actual Win 10 install directory is E:\ for whatever reason). Though I can still see the contents of other drives. And because of this, SFC reports it is unable to perform the task and exits.
I really wish there was a simple way to revert some of the updates to get this back to a working state. With no system restore points though, it's not looking good. I suppose the next option is a "PC Refresh" where I can maintain personal files but will need to re-install programs and such. Which could be beneficial as some unintended "house cleaning".