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No, the troubleshooter did not resolve the Windows Update issue; The Windows Update still doesn't work.

I awakened today to this problem, after having shut down my Windows 10 v1709 PC last night (2018-08-11) without problems. I attempted the usual fixes: (1) running the Windows Update troubleshooter [both from Settings and the stand-alone troubleshooter], (2) manually stopping and restarting the usual services related to Windows Update (Windows Update, BITS, Windows Installer, etc...), (3) manually deleting the contents of the c:\Windows\SoftwareDistribution\Download folder, (4) uninstalling the most recent Windows Update [KB4295110, installed on 2018-08-10], and finally (5) ) re-installing that most recent Windows Update [KB4295110], which curiously DID successfully install, but was followed thereafter by the same red  "Your device is at risk..." error message.

I then installed the most recent Windows 10 cumulative update applicable to my system from the Microsoft Update Catalog web site, after searching for the term "Windows 10 cumulative update",  in my case:

2018-07 Cumulative Update for Windows 10 Version 1709 for x64-based Systems (KB4338817) dated 7/23/2018

(840.9 MB)

from this page:

https://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=windows%2010%20cumulative%20update

file name:  windows10.0-kb4338817-x64_8e9a3f093879f88d1e9c22d1b133d38fa44a3ede.msu

It took a LONG time to install this update, followed by the usual lengthy shut-down and re-start process, but now the red "Your device is at risk..." error message does not appear, and so far it looks like Windows Update checking is working properly again.

"It took a LONG time to install this update, followed by the usual lengthy shut-down and re-start process"

How LONG? how many hours? hoping for a reply as to know when will I have to do it since im working and cant stay at home for the whole day.

im considering in taking this approach as other solutions such as the check date time setting, restore to a restore point before the problematic update, and reset windows update components doesnt help at all. found this solutions from this site https://ugetfix.com/ask/how-to-fix-windows-update-error-your-device-is-at-risk-on-windows-10/

Check that "Windows Modules Installer" Service hasn't been disabled. That can be the cause of the infinite loop of saying that "Your device is at risk".

Ridiculous. Not doing all this crap.

The REAL question is:

IS MY DEVICE TRULY AT RISK OR NOT?

Thousands of people agreed that they have the same issue, 100s have replied, and dozens of similar threads have been made with probably the same amount of people concerned. 

And NO ONE realized, "Microsoft can't make any money if ALL of our "at risk" devices crash because we didn't update "3D effects" and "add contacts to toolbar." People use your heads and don't go into advanced programs in your computer, nor install random stuff that people are paid to tell you to install not knowing or caring if it works or not. Simply ask the right question.

Is my device in fact at risk? The red font of the threatening message is a scare tactic, isn't it? And why would Microsoft force PC's to run updates that could BREAK their computer for IT not installing properly on ITS own???????