The procedure for creating and restoring a system image hasn't changed. By process of elimination, the culprit is obviously v1709. This process is based on the following:
v1507 - clean drive, install fresh OS, updates, drivers, create image... Restore via repair disk successful.
v1511 - clean drive, install fresh OS, updates, drivers, create image... Restore via repair disk successful.
v1607 - clean drive, install fresh OS, updates, drivers, create image... Restore via repair disk successful.
v1703 - clean drive, install fresh OS, updates, drivers, create image... Restore via repair disk successful.
v1709 - clean drive, install fresh OS, updates, drivers, create image... Restore via repair disk unsuccessful. VSS error.
And yes, I know about AOMEI. I also know about Macrium, Paragon, and CloneZilla. That's not a workaround in my situation. I created about 20 images for 20 different laptop/desktop models. I should be able to continue the process w/o using 3rd party software. System Image Backup (SIB) Solution is still supported in Windows 10.