I entrust the study of his CBS.log to you, Robert. I saw your work in another thread. Good going to see a wrong drive was getting accessed. My current thoughts...
(1) UEFI must be set to boot the Windows Boot Manager during an upgrade.
(2) C:\Windows.old should not pre-exist the upgrade.
(3) Could be problematic to have a clone attached during an upgrade. Windows may seek to pull it into a dual-boot & may have trouble with its system & recovery partitions.
Regarding your RAM Defects...
PS>bcdedit --% /enum {badmemory}
RAM Defects
identifier {badmemory}
badmemoryaccess Yes
badmemorylist 0x199105
IIRC, that's a Win 8.1 phenomenon. An upgrade to Win 10 doesn't wipe it. It was my clean install of v.1703 that made that go away, & it hasn't returned after an upgrade to v.1709. See...
https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/49abeeb2-f2c3-44c1-b9ee-d4faf0c7de91/why-badmemoryaccess-yes?forum=WinServerPreview
Why "badmemoryaccess yes"?
Now, I can't quite recall whether I had a "badmemorylist", though. Maybe run a RAM test, & delete the entry, if you pass. (I do recall running a RAM test once/twice, but not having the list.)