I asked Cortana for "Features", & looks to me I do not have .NET Framework 3.5 installed...
...yet I have no trouble with Windows updates, including the latest one...
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4088776
March 13, 2018—KB4088776 (OS Build 16299.309)
If it won't come in through Windows Update, try getting it through the Microsoft Update Catalog link in that URL. Of course, take the one that matches your bits that shows at "START, Settings, System, About". Afterwards, you may delete the download.
If that fails, then I will stand by & watch as you & Robert hunt down the precise culprit in your logs.
But if it's something else trying to install .NET Framework 3.5 (I know you are installing many apps), I guess try to get it using Windows Features or this way...
https://www.tenforums.com/software-apps/16594-net-3-5-framework-cannot-install-0x800f081f.html
Windows 10: Net 3.5 framework, cannot install 0x800F081F
P.S. I'm very sure I did not get a Windows.old when I did a dual boot. I wonder what that was about.
P.S.S. I understand Win 10, v.1803, is coming very soon. You might want to hold off on v.1709.