I had error 0x8024200d with KB4054517.
0x8024200D WU_E_UH_NEEDANOTHERDOWNLOAD The update handler did not install the update because it needs to be downloaded again.
Go figure!? Windows Update History states that the install failed on 12/12/17!
A possible explanation of your symptoms is that an interferer allowed the update to download and install but not apply. E.g. the apply phase would occur during a subsequent reboot.
To check on that possibility see if you get any additional clues from sfc /scannow
Someone mentioned Norton, an interferer, then it might be necessary to uninstall that (and any other similar products) in order to avoid the possibility that any of the three phases of the update process not be affected negatively. Realize that with a cumulative update you are essentially modifying the whole OS so it is not difficult to see that permitting something to interfere with that process is likely to at least cause a significant performance hit, if nothing else that would be worse.
FYI
Robert