Hi,
I tried most of the suggestions here, but none worked. The automatic updater tried each time to install KB4054517 and got stuck. When I then restarted the system it took hours, saying it was configuring windows, filling up the CBS log (and my disk) in the process..
In the end I downloaded the "Show or Hide Windows Update Troubleshooter Package from here:
http://download.microsoft.com/download/f/2/2/f22d5fdb-59cd-4275-8c95-1be17bf70b21/wushowhide.diagcab
and ran it. I used it to "hide" the offending update "KB4054517", so automatic update wouldn't try to install it from now on.
I then restarted my PC and lo and behold, I no longer have the problem. I still had a huge CBS log in C:\Windows\logs\CBS (over 150GB).
So I started a powershell in Admin mode (Windows-X) and used it to stop the Trusted Installer using the commands:
taskkill /f /im tiworker.exe taskkill /f /im trustedinstaller.exe
then deleted the CBS log in Windows Explorer and restarted the PC.
Once Microsoft fix the update I'll decide whether or not to "Show" the update.
I hope this helps.