You are welcome to whatever I've got. Too bad KB4100403 was no cure. That's a lot of work you're going through. I hope it leads to a fix of the issue - or at least fixes something else accidentally.
(1) My registry for that looks exactly like yours, except it has "(default)" in the top line where you've got "Standard". But that is inconsequential. Also, mine is entirely in English. So, there is no bug there, but may be elsewhere I guess.
(2) Fujitsu may have discontinued the Lifebook A555/G, but they appear to continue to support it. I thought I saw 1803 mentioned there in a file description, but they all are 1709 now. Anyway, I do see the year 2018 mentioned in the Bluetooth & WLAN drivers...
(3) I recall, when I did an automatic update at my Dell site, it did update 5 drivers including the BIOS. However, 7/so others at the site just sat there, until I took them manually. Did you check each one at the site against Device Manager? Did either Intel or Fujitsu update that SATA driver?
The only caution I'd add is to bypass a driver at the site that is for a device that does not appear in Device Manager. It could happen because all A555's may not be equipped the same. But probably the driver wouldn't install anyway in that case.
(4) I'm having troubles with my own "TSSTcorp DVD+-RW SU-208GB", but nothing like what's going on with your "TSSTcorp CDDVDW SU-208GB". Suddenly I couldn't delete files from a DVD. And copying files to it just showed up in some kind of directory saying the copy was pending. However, "ChkDsk D: /F" was a cure. It said the DVD hadn't been closed properly.