I was having a similar problem with Win 10 v. 1709 trying repeatedly to install KB4103727 and failing. I followed the instructions I found on page 1 of this thread, namely, stop the services Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS), Cryptographic Services
(CryptSvc), Windows Installer (msiserver), and Windows Update (wuauserv), renaming the directories C:\Windows\SoftwareDistribution and C:\Windows\System32\Catroot2 to <x>.old versions. Then restart the services that were previously stopped. Then restart the
system and re-try the update.
But I found a few wrinkles, which may just be because of the difference in the version when those instructions were originally written and now. I used PowerShell (Admin) to issue the "net stop" commands for the services, and it said the commands completed
successfully. But I couldn't rename the directories. They were still in use. I used the Computer Management -> Services and Applications -> Services screens to find that some of the services had restarted themselves. I tried using the Services screen to right-click
and Stop the services. This worked, except for CryptSvc. That one kept restarting immediately and wouldn't release Catroot2. So I opened its Properties dialogue and changed its status to Disabled. Then Stopped it. It DID NOT restart. I was then able to rename
Catroot2. Switch CryptSvc's status back to Auto(Delayed), started it and the other three services, and restarted the computer.
After the restart, I went into Settings -> Update & Security. Finally, I saw the "Check for Updates" button. I checked the "View installed update history" and found absolutely nothing listed (of course not, the history was in the directories that I renamed).
I clicked on Check for Updates, and it began loading Feature Update 1803! That's success, because I didn't want to update 1709 anyway.