I am struggling with this same issue... ready to reimage.
I've done exactly what worked for the above user. I uninstalled the kb4058258 and downloaded the patch from the Microsoft Update Catalog. I'm still at the same place, which is requiring a restart after restart to finish, but it doesn't finish installing.
I noticed that above user shows Windows 10 1709 build 16299.214. I can't get past Windows 10 1709 build 16299.125.
The latest patch KB4090913 was also downloaded from the catalog after I uninstalled the previous 3 cumulative updates and it is in the same inability to finish installing updates.