Same problem here.. Win 10 Pro 1703 build: 15063.413
Xbox one wireless controller with adapter.. The controller keeps disconnecting only if i play a game the only way is using it as corded but is that possible there is any fix for this bug? its like 1 year that i've this problem i tried all.. downgrading to win 7 , win 8 tried win 10 insider nothing fixed that..
Do you have Steam installed? See the post on page four; that was my problem.
If you close Steam, then let the controller connect, you can then re-open Steam.
I'm not sure if setting Steam to control the Xbox controller may be the issue, but it definitely was Steam related for me.