I'm having basically the exact same issue, and it's now happening on TWO of my Windows 8.1 64-bit machines. (I have an 8.1 RT machine and a 8.1 64-bit machine left which haven't started doing this...yet at least, though I'm at work and can't test them right
now.)
I've never seen an issue like this with Windows Update. It started on one machine two days ago, and just started on the other this morning. I was going to try using system restore to roll back the other machine, until this morning it started happening
on a second one so now I'm not sure I'll bother trying that...something seems to be wrong with Windows Update itself (or the updates being offered, or Defender, or SOMETHING).
I've tried that Windows Update troubleshooter on both PCs. On both of them it claimed it did something, but didn't fix or change the issue at all.
Multiple times I've had multiple Windows Defender updates show up simultaneously-like I assume whenever there's a new one it shows up, but it also displays one of these old ones. I've NEVER seen more than one entry at a time for Defender updates since I
first started using it (Security Essentials at the time) back when it was first made available years ago.
Defender always shows a recent time for "Definitions created on", and always shows that it's up to date, despite what Windows Update keeps offering. (As of right now, the definitions are dated 3/20/2015 5:29am).
I seem to be cycling through at least two updates also:
Definition Update for Windows Defender - KB2267602 (Definition 1.193.3002.0)
which is 272KB, and then:
Definition Update for Windows Defender - KB2267602 (Definition 1.193.3288.0)
which is 289 KB.
I'm cycling through at least two updates on both machines, although I don't have the other handy to check if I'm getting the same numbers on both.
At any rate, I'm sort of worried given how critical Windows Update is (and malware definitions for that matter), and I've never seen anything like this...