I have been suffering this error since the RTM was released and I had resigned to wait it out until reading the threads here.
I haven't posted as I had no problem installing the RTM on both x86 and x64 Laptops and Desktops and thought the error code message on the one computer was due to the fact it is an old Black MacBook Core Duo which I assumed was the major cause of the failure
of 8.1.
I had upgraded the Bootcamp Windows 7 to Windows 8 flawlessly on the MacBook last December and thought the RTM x86 of 8.1 would be flawless as well.
Wrong!
Since I couldn't get the RTM to install I just waited until the Windows Store Update was released and began to try to update which resulted continuously in the dreaded 0xC1900101-0x20017 error.
Today I succeeded in updating to Windows 8.1 x86 using the Windows Store.
I can confirm it is a driver issue as the install finally succeeded after removing additional programs and drivers.
I suspect it is the Magic Iso / Magic Disc drivers but I can't positively state this because I also removed the Intel Desktop Manager software at the same time so it may as well be just the Intel Desktop Manager Drivers.
After removing these drivers I ran MSCONFIG and disabled all the Services including the Microsoft Services. I then used Task Manager and disabled all the Startup items.
I then rebooted, went to the Windows Store after the reboot, and started the Windows 8.1 Update again for the 8th or 9th time.
I trully expected the dreaded 0xC1900101-0x20017 error but amazingly after the restart Windows 8.1 fully installed and I am posting this using 8.1.
This is definitely a Driver Conflict Issue and if I can get it running on an old MacBook with all the additional inherent Bootcamp issues you can as well without resorting to a Refresh wipe.
Hopefully it is the Magic Iso /Magic Disc or Deamon Tools ( or perhaps the Intel Desktop Manager) drivers that are causing the issues so let us know if this works for you so we can put this error to bed once and for all.
If not then the only solution is a methodical step by step uninstall of suspected drivers.
My problem when I disable all the services is that windows store can't connect to internet to load the install. How did you manage?