I am having the same problem when trying to upgrade from Win 8. I have a custom build machine. Originally had the problem that the system could not update the reserved partition but solved that by deleting superfluous languages to free up space only to run into this next problem - 0xC1900101 - 0x40017.
Have tried heaps of things including registry clean-up, safe boot etc. etc,
Have spent far too much time on this. MS can you please sort this out!!??
Apple is looking good right now!