I managed to complete the update tonight after suffering the 0xC1900101 - 0x20017 error for the past few weeks.
I have a new Dell Inspiron 15R in which I updated the HDD in to a Seagate Momentus XT 500GB SSHD (ST500LM000). The 8.1 upgrade constantly failed with the above error whenever I attempted it, despite safe boots, all (Windows) updates applied, all drivers up to date, etc. It seems that the SSHD drive had a firmware update published in early October 2013. After flashing the firmware update I attempted the 8.1 upgrade again and it completed without incident.
HTH
NMG