I have exactly the same problem:
Toshiba U400-15B laptop. 4 GB Ram Intel Core 2 Duo P7350 @ 2.0ghz, 150GB free
Running Win 8 Pro quite happily and successfully ran Win 8.1 preview without problems.
Hard drive formatted and WIn 8 installed from disk. Only other install Office 365.
Nothing else installed, no external keyboard / mouse or drives.
Get message after Windows 8.1 update from the store the PC restarts to a blue screen with error message. It then tries to recover the installation, fails, then restores Windows 8. When the system boots up after this, I get a message saying:
"Couldn't update to Windows 8.1
Sorry, we couldn't complete the update to Windows 8.1. We've restored your previous version of Windows to this PC.
0xC1900101 - 0x40017"
No antivirus or firewalls installed and all updates from Microsoft and Toshiba installed.
Help please.