... Microsoft knows this issue and knows the temporary fix as well.
- If changing your DNS to Google's public DNS (8.8.8.8 / 8.8.4.4) resolves the problem then GREAT! However, at that point you can stop blaming Microsoft or Windows Updates for your trouble because the problem comes solely from your own ISP (Internet Service Provider) that is supplying the original DNS service. Microsoft has nothing to do with your ISP's DNS service's shortcomings.
That appears to be incorrect. Many people have now said that only certain machines on their network have this problem. For example, all the machines on my network use the same router and DNS settings from the router. Two didn't work. Adjusting the local DNS on those machines allowed the update check to work properly. The problem is definitely local to each of those machines and not with the ISP.