Having the same issue since last night.
- I believe an NVIDIA driver update was pushed/installed through Windows update, which prevented the computer from fully starting Windows after reboot.
- I rebooted, pressed F8, and used Windows Restore to remove all installed apps/updates but preserve my user files (documents, etc.).
- Windows 8 now boots and I can login with my MS Account password (locally).
- I then disabled auto-installation of Windows Update downloads so I don't have this issue going forward. I set Windows Update so I can review updates before installing and will avoid Nvidia updates.
- I can sign into my Windows account locally with my MS Account password, but the Action Center on the desktop requests that I "Click here to enter my most recent password (Important)."
- I click on that, it loads the Windows 8 settings splash screen (the gear symbol), but then immediately exits back to the desktop.
- I try to manually go into the Settings option from the Charms bar, but have the same result: splash screen displays but Settings won't open. Therefore, I can't enter the MS Account password it is requesting.
- The Windows Store shows the same behavior.
- Other non-admin accounts on the PC also exhibit the same behaviors.
- I'm going to try to restore again, but I expect the same issue.
- My guess is that the MS Account info is corrupted locally, but it's severe enough that it won't allow me to launch and re-authenticate with the service over the internet.