When I click on a URL Edge opens minimized on the Taskbar and flashing

I don't have the reset option anymore. I only have Modify or Uninstall. I uninstalled it and reinstalled it, but it still doesn't work...

I will give you all steps to fix Edge so at least something will work.

Enable and make sure you have the latest version of Flash in Edge:

https://allthings.how/how-to-enable-flash-in-new-microsoft-edge/

https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player.html

 Back up your Favorites first in Edge Hub (three dots top right of browser) > Favorites > Manage Favorites > Export to file.  If you can't reach Edge you can install the tiny app Manage Edge Favorites here: http://www.emmet-gray.com/Articles/EdgeManage.html to do this, which also gives Edge all of the Favorites Management enjoyed in Internet Explorer.

You can reset new Edge in Edge Settings > Reset Settings;  for old Edge in Settings > Apps > Apps and Features, scroll down to Microsoft Edge, highlight it, choose Advanced Options, then Repair, or if that fails, Reset.   

You may still be able to go back to old Edge.  See if you can System Restore to a point before the problem began following this guide:   https://www.windowscentral.com/how-use-system-restore-windows-10

However there are reports that new Edge can no longer be blocked, so you may want to proactively install it side-by-side with the old Edge to preserve it:

https://www.tenforums.com/tutorials/144061-enable-microsoft-edge-side-side-browser-experience-windows-10-a.html

 I would have several browsers on your task bar so there's always one that's best for the task.  I use Firefox, Edge and Chrome in that order of preference.  It's easy to share bookmarks between all of them in their settings under Import Favorites from another Browser, and Firefox and Chrome let you sign in to save and/or sync your Favorites on any other device you sign into.  Set the preferred browser as Default in Settings > Apps > Default Apps.  

Firefox download:  https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/

Chrome download:  https://www.google.com/chrome/

If nothing else helps then run a Repair Install by installing the Media Creation Tool and choosing from it to Upgrade Now.  This reinstalls Windows while saving your files, apps and settings in place, brings it up to the latest version 2004 which you need anyway and by the most stable method.   http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-10/media-creation-tool-install

I hope this helps.  Feel free to ask back any questions and let us know how it goes.  I will keep working with you until it's resolved.

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Windows updates are known for causing issues, There was someone, Pedro I think, who has Outlook and Edge and is fine.

I assume you have reinstalled Edge?

You can always remove the update or run either system restore via recovery or recover and image if you have one saved on your external drive.

I have Used Macrium Reflect free for about 30 system recoveries without a hitch. I hope one of these works for you.

Here is how to work on Outlook.

Select Microsoft Office/Outlook

Click the Change. Select the Reinstall or Repair button, click Next. Select Detect and Repair. Click Install and follow any prompts provided by the repair tool.