The Bluetooth adapter that came with the motherboard does that not work at all or when it was going had errors. My network adapter the came with this motherboard has network adapter and Bluetooth so does both systems. Does your computer still have wireless connection? with your router but no Bluetooth.
If you want the new dongle, I would disable the original adapter in the bios just for testing, the manual for your motherboard doesn't have a good bios section so I can't tell you how to do that.
Have you tried different USB's ports on your computer, check the device manager while plugging it in to see if it sees the device? Trying to find the drivers for that device might be hit and miss so I would just try different versions until one worked.
I would also check to see if you have the latest bios installed and install all the drivers for your motherboard from Asus's site.
Fix Bluetooth problems in Windows 10 (microsoft.com)
EDIT: a dongle can also be a thumb drive for storing files on.
What is a USB Dongle? (with pictures) (infobloom.com)