I do have a MS Account, and had been on the Win 11 beta (and Win 10 Dev channel before,). All the earlier Beta builds if Win 11 the Widgets worked fine, the issue has been with the last 3 builds (since rtm release). That's why yesterday I was thinking about maybe trying on of the older betas again just to see what happens.
I do have an account verification email (on my MS ACC web site page) and MS Authentication app on phone I even tested it with my Win 10 Asus laptop, clicked on Verify and it sent it to the Authentication app on the phone. But I do this on my Desktop and nothing happens.
Each machine needs to be setup with a verification method, just because it works on the laptop doesn't mean that your other machines can be verified the same way unless you specifically set each one up.
When you login on your MS account Web site you can go through the list of your registered devices and set each one up for the verification method that you want.