I had the same problem. In desperation, I tried everything and finally it helped to run Surface Diagnostic Toolkit and in the step where the program tests the touch screen, it apparently restarted the settings and popped up the second monitor.
Configuration: Surface Book 4 (Intel), Surface Dock 2, EIZO CS2730 connected by USB-C to HDMI cable.
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=46703