My SP3 got the exactly same issues after updating to 1909. I've tried most of the solutions mentioned in this thread, and none of them worked. Resetting PC with keeping personal files was unsuccessful for unknown reason.
Besides, I tried the "Surface Brightness Control" tool (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/microsoft-surface-brightness-control),
which is designed to "lower the overall carbon footprint" by auto dimming after some predefined inactivity period. Sometimes it can dim my screen to 20%, but most of the time it's not functioning. (I had to create
the registry keys by myself, but it's still not working as expected after tuning the values.)
Finally, as suggested by this post: https://www.surfacetablethelp.com/2019/12/brightness-slider-control-missing-in-windows-10-on-surface-pro-3.html,
I tried the third-party tool PangoBright. Win 10 is not mentioned on its induction page, but surprisingly, it works. It can adjust the brightness in 10% interval from 20% to 100%, which is good enough for me. (Seems it conflicts with "Surface Brightness Control",
so that tool should be uninstalled.)
However, PangoBright is not perfect. The brightness still goes to 100% when showing the start screen and the side bars. And other problems (empty Power and Sleep setting, power button doesn't turn off screen) still exist. For now I have to live with this
until Microsoft fix this stupid bug.
Update:
After using it for a while, I realize PangoBright doesn't change the screen brightness actually, but just change the color for all applications. So it cannot save any power consumption by LCD.
In my last attempt, I managed to reinstall Win10 using the image downloaded
here, which still allows me to keep my files. I don't know what happened, but
after reinstallation everything looks normal: the version is 1909 and auto updating seems don't break anything.