The earlier post suggested microsoft drivers not Intel.....
Just posting in case others have this issue and are not using teamviewer.
That's interesting and definitely useful. In my case, I had also uninstalled the Intel graphics card device and drivers (provided by Intel, part of the Microsoft Surface pack), but that didn't fix the problem. I think all the MS Surface laptops have Intel graphics cards.
It seems that either or both Intel drivers and other screen management apps cause this control to disappear. People may have to fix one or both to resolve the issue.
For the benefit of others: Do you have or use any other remote control software, or perhaps the Intel "Wi-Di" or equivalent screen casting.
It might be that the common denominator is an app or drivers affecting or controlling screen settings, and only certain changes that break it.
In the Teamviewer case, the Brightness control disappeared when I used the software setting to black out the remote laptop screen. It had been in use as installed for 3 years, without causing trouble before that change.