Same issue here after external screen powers down, but computer has not gone into sleep mode.
Surface Book - Surface Dock - Dell U3415W
Upon awakening, Surface Book's screen has become primary & is functional. External monitor does not work and Windows is unable to detect the monitor in display settings.
Sometimes, simply unplugging the dock and plugging it back into the Book fixes things ... just as it does when the Dock drops all USB connections coming out of sleep mode.
Other times, the only way to restore the external screen is to reboot.
This Dock is problematic, to say the least.
I read on a tech forum that one user worked around the problem by plugging a Toshiba dock into the Surface Dock & using the Toshiba dock for all USB and displays ... solved the problem for him, but that's not a solution for me.