I am having the same exact issue, none of my Surface Dock USB ports are working. I did everything as well, updated the Surface Book Drivers and Updates, uninstalled the Surface Dock Integration driver, restarted my PC. I made sure all Windows Updates were installed correctly. I was getting the same 12105 Event ID error when initially trying to update the Surface Dock firmware.
However, after uninstalling the Surface Dock Integration driver and restarting my PC, I logged in as a local Admin and was able to update the surface dock firmware successfully. I thought this would have resolved the problem, but I still do not have the USB ports working properly. This is very frustrating. I don't believe this is a hardware issue since many users are reporting a similar issue.
I also ran the Hardware and Devices troubleshooter within the Control Panel and that didn't do anything either. I am running out of things to try! Microsoft needs to get on this ASAP!!