I have had this problem more than one time. The first time I thought I solved the problem by installing an upgraded monitor. But the second time, I was not permitted to install the Intel drivers.
After major messing around with fully reinstalling windows, cleaning USB-C ports etc, I found the issue.
I noticed that attempts to charge my mobile phone via the USB-C port would initiate then stop within 30 seconds. (same behaviour of the monitor). So I started looking into the USB-C setup.
If you go to Settings >> Devices >> Bluetooth and other devices. you will see Mouse, keyboard & Pen. Under this it lists the Surface Keyboard. In my case It reported that there was a fault with the keyboard (noting that the keyboard was working perfectly).
I disconnected the Surface Book 2 Screen. Checked the cleanliness of the terminals and replaced the monitor: Problem solved.
Not sure if this will help everyone, but it is a very simple solution, so definately worth checking early in the process.