I've got the same issue on my Surface Pro X. I simply cannot adjust the brightness. Currently I have:
Edition Windows 10 Home
Version 20H2
Installed on 8/16/2020
OS build 19042.746
Serial number 058897501753
Experience Windows Feature Experience Pack 120.2212.551.0
Best I can tell it started after I received this update:
January 12, 2021—KB4598242 (OS Builds 19041.746 and 19042.746)
This is a bit frustrating as I normally use this when I'm sitting outside and now I can't read the screen unless I am indoors.
I bought this laptop because my Surface Book has been with Microsoft for over 6 months for a warranty repair and I needed something to work from. It's frustrating because I still don't have the Surface Book, and now I'm having issues with this machine.