After a full day of Kinect demos, I added a new USB sound device to my computer (external smart speaker) and.... the Kinect stopped working!! (same problem as before.. device not recognized).
Highly likely that the problem is the adapter, not the Kinect.
I ran through the steps above again, and after about 45 minutes, I once again have a functioning Kinect.
With device manager open, if you just plug in the adapter without the Kinect, you should see a Generic USB Hub get added, and then a Generic SuperSpeed USB Hub added, and then both will disable and the endless train of beeping begins (when its _not_ working). Once it fails, a third USB device appears that has the error in parens (set address failed).
At this point, I unplug the adapter USB, and go through the steps above. Both times, when it worked, despite having no USB devices connected, after updating the driver on one of the original Generic SuperSpeed USB Hubs (e.g. not the one added when I plugged in the Kinect adapter) I got a 'disconnected USB device' windows sound. I then unplugged the power to Kinect Adapter, plugged the adapter in to a _different_ port on the Surface Dock, re-plugged the adapter power, and "success". Yay, but also, ridiculous.
I don't know that it matters, but I am using the "front" USB ports on the dock (side that only has the 2 USB ports).
The bluescreen will happen when attempting to reload the driver on the Generic USB Hub that gets disabled after it fails. The bluescreen only happens if you reboot after device manager hangs. If you wait long enough (maybe 5 minutes), the operation will timeout and the bluescreen doesn't happen.