Add another one to this list. I have the EXACT same problem.
Surface Pro 7
2 external monitors, both identical: HP 27er 1920x1080
everything worked with my old Dock 1
Upgraded to Dock 2
bought brand new HDMI->USB3 cables
When the monitors are plugged into the Dock 2, Windows recognizes them, and they show up as acive in Display Settings...
BUT, they never actually display anything.
If i plug a monitor directly into the SP7's USB3 port, they work perfect.
At one point, I got ONE monitor to work plugged into the Dock 2, but when I plug in the 2nd monitor, they both go blank.
I can also sometimes get one monitor to work in the Dock 2, then the other one directly into the SP2.
It very much acts like the Dock 2 just isn't putting out enough power/signal, even though rated for dual 4k monitors, I can't even get dual 1920x1080 monitors to work.