I was pushing for the organization to adopt the Surface Duo as a preferred device in anticipation of the release of the 2. Now the only discussion is that the only device that cannot handle Microsoft Office files is the Microsoft device. It never dawned on me that this would be possible. It is an embarrassment to me. It really should be an embarrassment to Microsoft.
All Office files (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) open properly for me, including opening them from the Outlook, Duo internal storage, network shares, One Drive, and my company Teams portal. Are you using a company email account for Outlook? If so your company may indeed be blocking opening certain attachments types from emails. Have you tried a personal email account in Outlook? Who makes the "claim' to which you refer? What does your corporate IT say? Is this a company provided business Phone?