It appears that Cumulative Update for Windows 10 for x64-based Systems (KB3105210) might have fixed my dock problems. I haven't had any stability issues with disconnecting/connecting my dock since this update was installed. I'm keeping my fingers crossed that this isn't a false positive.
-Blake
Hmm. Hasn't fixed mine.
Try detaching the screen while docked then re-attach and check the battery indicator in the status bar. Is your Surface Book charging? Or using battery power (even though the charging light is on)?